The southern elite, trained in English, resented the change as they were kept out of their own government. The northern desire to control these resources in 2004 to present, and the southern desire to maintain control of the resources where they live, contributed to the war. In March 1991, a new penal code, the Criminal Act of 1991, instituted harsh punishments nationwide, including amputations and stoning. Southern units of the Sudan People’s Armed Forces were forced to serve in the… Although both wars have been fought largely in the southern third of the country, their aims have diverged. Two civil wars and the formation of one of the world's newest countries still hasn't prevented more fighting. Despite that record, the IGAD initiative promulgated the 1994 Declaration of Principles (DOP) that aimed to identify the essential elements necessary to a just and comprehensive peace settlement; i.e., the relationship between religion and the state, power-sharing, wealth-sharing, and the right of self-determination for the south. After the start of the second civil war, American assistance dropped, and was eventually cancelled in 1987. Large numbers of tanks, aircraft, and artillery were acquired, and they dominated the army until the late 1980s. Eight months later on March 27, 1972, the government in Khartoum and the Southern rebels signed the Addis Ababa Agreement which ended the First Sudanese Civil War. When Prime Minister Sadiq al-Mahdi refused to approve a peace plan reached by the Democratic Unionist Party (DUP) and the Sudan People's Liberation Army (SPLA) in November 1988, the DUP left the government. The war is often characterized as a fight between the central government expanding and dominating peoples of the periphery, raising allegations of marginalization. U.S.-aligned countries resumed supplying Sudan in the mid-1970s. While based in Southern Sudan, it identified itself as a movement for all oppressed Sudanese citizens, and was led by John Garang. [22], Meanwhile the rebel SPLA was supplied weapons through or by Eritrea, Ethiopia, and Uganda. At this time the army grew from a strength of 18,000 to roughly 50,000 men. In February 1989, the Sadiq al-Mahdi government approved the peace plan but fighting continued into the 1990s with atrocities and human rights abuses occurring on both sides. Despite Nimeiry's public assurances that the rights of non-Muslims would be respected, southerners and other non-Muslims remained deeply suspicious. In 1983, the Sudanese government of Gaafar Nimeiry decided to implement sharia law across the country, both in the Muslim north and the Christian and animist south. [12] After decolonization most power was given to the northern elites based in Khartoum, causing unrest in the south. Oil revenues were divided equally between the government and SPLA during the six-year autonomy period. However, the "September laws" instituting Islamic Sharia law were not suspended. POOOOOOPone where the muslim central government's pursuits to impose sharia law on non-muslim southerners led to violence, and eventually to the civil war. In 1983, President Nimeiry violated the agreement by imposing Sharia Law across the nation and abolishing the mostly Christian Southern Sudan Autonomous Region. The terms of the Addis Ababa Agreement in 1972, which ended the first Sudan Civil War, were violated several times. The government was headed by Prime Minister Sadiq al-Mahdi of the Umma Party. The government controlled a number of the major southern towns and cities, including Juba, Wau, and Malakal. Anyone, in Sudan, born in 1955 and died in 2005 would have experienced a shadowy form of peace for only 11 years of their life. Nimeri was ousted and the new government rescinded his 1983 decree and made other overtures designed to reconcile the north and south. The British moved towards granting Sudan independence, they failed to consider southern needs. Following independence, the army was trained and supplied by the British. Since civil war broke out in South Sudan in December 2013, over 50,000 people have been killed—possibly as many as 383,000, according to a … The Second Sudanese Civil War was an intense 22-year conflict between the central government in Khartoum and the Sudan People’s Liberation Army (SPLA). [3], Islamic fundamentalists in the north had been discontented with the Addis Ababa Agreement, which gave relative autonomy to the non-Islamic majority Southern Sudan Autonomous Region. The government's attacks on southern protesters resulted in sporadic fighting and mutinies, transitioning into a full-scale civil war. In July 2000, the Libyan/Egyptian Joint Initiative on the Sudan was mooted, calling for the establishment of an interim government, power-sharing, constitutional reform, and new elections. [5] The conflict officially ended with the signing of a peace agreement in January 2005. Islamic Sharia law was applied in the north, while terms of use of Sharia in the south were decided by the elected assembly. The Israeli embassy in Kenya also supplied anti-tank missiles to the rebels. Let them know that they compared, or looked for similarities in, a fictional and a historical account of the Second Sudanese Civil War. The attempt to overthrow Garang was led by Riek Machar and Lam Akol. However during this period the second civil war intensified in lethality, and the national economy continued to deteriorate. The north of the country is on the edge of the Sahara desert. The RCC al-Bashir military government banned trade unions, political parties, and other "non-religious" institutions. fully comprehend the Chinese influence on the second civil war in Sudan. Although it originated in southern Sudan, the civil war spread to the Nuba mountains and Blue Nile. Recent Developments. Southern Sudan Liberation Movement (First). In 1993, the government transferred most non-Muslim judges from the south to the north, replacing them with Muslim judges in the south. Egypt was the most important military partner in the 1970s, providing missiles, personnel carriers, and other military hardware. On 5 April 1993, the three dissident rebel factions announced a coalition of their groups called SPLA United at a press conference in Nairobi, Kenya. Phase II of OLS to cover 1990 was approved by both the government and the SPLA Sudan faced a 2-year drought and food shortage across the entire country. Guerrilla forces of the Sudan People's Liberation Army, Second Sudanese Civil War. At the same time the SPLA and other Sudanese political parties met in Ethiopia where they fashioned the Koka Dam declaration which called for abolishing Islamic law and convening a constitutional conference for the entire nation. Senator John Danforth was designated Presidential Envoy for Peace in the Sudan. [3], The Addis Ababa Accords were incorporated in the Constitution of Sudan; the violation of the agreement led to the second civil war. Although the southern states were officially exempt from these Islamic prohibitions and penalties, the 1991 act provided for a possible future application of Islamic Shari’a law in the south. Sudan ranks 172 of 180 countries in terms of freedom of the press according to Reporters Without Borders. The renewed civil war marks the biggest onslaught so far by the mainly Northern Sudanese elite on the resource base of the South and the great cattle economies of the Nilotic groups. 20, April 2010, p.13. [14], In 1995, Eritrea, Ethiopia and Uganda stepped up their military assistance to the SPLA to the point of sending active troops into Sudan. In May 1986, the new Khartoum government led by Prime minister Sadiq al-Mahdi and the SPLA led by Col. John Garang met in negotiations for the first time. It lasted for 22 years. In May 1986, the Sadiq al-Mahdi government coalition began peace negotiations with the Sudan People's Liberation Army (SPLA) led by Col. John Garang. https://www.jww.org/conflict-areas/sudan/north-south-conflict Rebels have promised to demobilize all children by the end of 2010. Government marginalization was also the cause of spreading the war to other regions of Sudan. In 1999, Egypt and Libya initiated the Egypt-Libya Initiative (ELI). By this time the peace process of the Inter-Governmental Authority on Drought and Development (IGADD) had reached a stalemate. As of 2004, there were between 2,500 and 5,000 children serving in the SPLA. Two wars fought since the independence of Sudan in 1956. * "I can compare the accounts of survival in 'Time Trip: Sudan's Civil War' and A Long Walk to Water." The Longest War: Sudan's civil war raged for over two decades. Second civil war 1983 - Fighting breaks out again between north and south Sudan, under leadership of John Garang's Sudanese People's Liberation Movement (SPLM), after Sudanese … Frontlines in Southern Sudan in June 2001. Yet Sudan’s national governments have a long history of using proxies in Southern Sudan, and the North–South border areas, to fight their wars and preserve their regular forces. Brian Raftopoulos and Karin Alexander (2006). In the next lesson, they will focus on finding differences instead. The US government's Sudan Peace Act of 21 October 2002 accused Sudan of genocide for killing more than 2 million civilians in the south during the civil war since 1983. The Sudanese Government did not sign the DOP until 1997 after major battlefield losses to the SPLA. In that year the SPLA and a number of Sudanese political parties met in Ethiopia and agreed to the "Koka Dam" declaration, which called for abolishing Islamic Sharia law and convening a constitutional conference. [6], Some sources describe the In the post-colonial government of 1953, the Sudanization Committee only included 6 southern leaders, though there were some 800 available senior administrative positions. Jobs were split according to varying ratios (central administration: 70 to 30. A constitutional conference was tentatively planned for September 1989. Many of those leaders then moved to Khartoum where they assumed marginal roles in the central government, or collaborated with the government in military engagements against the SPLA. Map of Sudan at the time of the civil war. Southern critics objected to the joint initiative because it neglected to address issues of the relationship between religion and the state and failed to mention the right of self-determination. In July 1992, a government offensive seized southern Sudan, and captured the SPLA headquarters in Torit. The Second Sudanese Civil War was a conflict from 1983 to 2005 between the central Sudanese government and the Sudan People's Liberation Army. Bill Clinton's administration prohibited American investment in the country and supplied money to neighbouring countries to repel Sudanese incursions. In September 1984, President Nimeiry announced the end of the state of emergency and dismantled the emergency courts but soon promulgated a new judiciary act, which continued many of the practices of the emergency courts. Elections were held in April 1986, and a transitional military council turned over power to a civilian government as promised. An informal cease-fire in May broke down in October 1989. The war is often characterized as a fight between the central government expanding and dominating peoples of the periphery, raising allegations of marginalization. It is unclear to what extent this initiative will have a significant impact on the search for peace, as some critics view it as more aimed at a resolution among northern political parties and protecting the perceived security interests of Egypt in favour of the unity of the Sudan. The Second Sudanese Civil Warwas a conflict from 1983 to 2005 between the central Sudanese government and the South Sudan sank into civil war last December, less than three years after gaining independence. The south was held to be more similar to the other east-African colonies — Kenya, Tanganyika, and Uganda — while northern Sudan was more similar to Arabic-speaking Egypt. Roughly two million people have died as a result of war, famine and disease caused by the conflict. As in the first war, child soldiers were recruited by both sides but were more frequently used by the SPLA. These three agreements paralleled the terms and conditions of the IGAD agreement, calling for a degree of autonomy for the south and the right of self-determination. Forego a bottle of soda and donate its cost to us for the information you just learned, and feel good about helping to make it available to everyone! The civil war ended in 1972, with the Addis Ababa Agreement. The SPLA’s political arm is also known as the Sudan People Liberation Movement, or SPLM. Both sides of the conflict would have merged portions of their armed forces into a 39,000-strong force after six years (the Joint Integrated Units), if the Southern Sudanese independence referendum had turned out against secession. The Sudan’s second civil war began in 1983 and ended in 2005. Four million people in southern Sudan have been displaced at least once (and often repeatedly) during the war. ", http://www.iss.co.za/af/profiles/Sudan/darfur/cpaprov.htm, http://www.weeklystandard.com/Content/Public/Articles/000/000/015/401vcvba.asp, "SPLA to demobilize all child soldiers by end of the year", http://www.sudantribune.com/SPLA-to-demobilize-all-child,36125, "The White Army: An Introduction and Overview", http://www.smallarmssurveysudan.org/pdfs/HSBA-SWP-5-White-Army.pdf, Price of Peace in Africa: Agreement in Sudan Between Government and Rebel, In pictures: Sudan trek – of returning refugees after the war, Bishop calls for Churchwide day of prayer and fasting for an end to Sudan violence on 26 June 2011, Equatorial Corps of the Sudan Defence Force, United Nations Interim Security Force for Abyei, https://military.wikia.org/wiki/Second_Sudanese_Civil_War?oldid=5406394, 1–2 million dead (mostly civilians, due to starvation and drought), The south had autonomy for six years, followed by a referendum on independence (the. International donors continue to provide large amounts of humanitarian aid to all parts of the Sudan. In September 1992, William Nyuon Bany formed a second rebel faction, and in February 1993, Kerubino Kwanyin Bol formed a third rebel faction. [18] Also in 1997, the government signed the Nuba Mountains, and Fashoda agreements with rebel factions. It was largely a continuation of the First Sudanese Civil War of 1955 to 1972. He later became an ally of the United States. When the history of Sudan’s third civil war is written, most will judge that the precipitating event occurred on May 21, when the Khartoum regime seized the contested border area of Abyei. The Second Sudanese Civil War was a conflict from 1983 to 2005 between the central Sudanese government and the Sudan People's Liberation Army. In 1988, the SPLA and the Democratic Unionist Party (DUP), a political party in Sudan, agreed on a peace plan which called for a cease fire and the abolition of military pacts with Egypt and Libya which had supplied the Khartoum government with weapons. Oil revenues make up about 70% of Sudan's export earnings. The Second Sudanese Civil war (1983-2005) is widely seen as a continuation of the First Sudanese Civil war… [21], In November 1993, Iran was reported to have financed Sudan´s purchase of some 20 Chinese ground-attack aircraft. The new government consisted essentially of the Umma Party and the fundamentalist National Islamic Front (NIF). On 30 June 1989, however, military officers under then Col. Omar Hassan al-Bashir, with National Islamic Front (NIF) instigation and support, replaced the Sadiq al-Mahdi government with the Revolutionary Command Council for National Salvation (RCC), a military junta of 15 military officers (reduced to 12 in 1991) assisted by a civilian cabinet. The most prominent southern rebel group was the "Sudan People'… From 1968 to 1972, the Soviet Union and COMECON nations sold large numbers of weapons and provided technical assistance and training to Sudan. Relations cooled between the two sides after the coup in 1972, and the Khartoum government sought to diversify its suppliers. Then, in 1990–91, the Sudanese government supported Saddam Hussein in the Gulf War. Another factor in the second war were the natural resources of Sudan, particularly in the South, where there are significant oil fields. In 1988, the SPLA and the DUP agreed on a peace plan calling for the abolition of military pacts with Egypt and Libya, freezing of Sharia law, an end to the state of emergency, and a cease-fire. His role was to explore the prospects that the US could play a useful catalytic role in the search for a just end to the civil war, and enhance humanitarian services delivery that can help reduce the suffering of the Sudanese people stemming from war related effects. The United States began selling Sudan a great deal of equipment around 1976, hoping to counteract Soviet support of Marxist Ethiopians and Libyans. [15] The introduction of Public Order Police to enforce Shari’a law resulted in the arrest, and treatment under Shari’a penalties, of southerners and other non-Muslims living in the north. The Second Sudanese Civil War was an intense 22-year conflict between the central government in Khartoum and the Sudan People’s Liberation Army (SPLA). He chose to form a new government with the DUP, and approved the SPLA/DUP peace plan. [3], The first violations occurred when President Gaafar Nimeiry attempted to take control of oil fields straddling the north-south border. Arabic was made the language of administration in the south, and northerners began to hold positions there. Articles with dead external links from November 2014, Articles needing clarification from September 2015, Articles incorporating text from Wikipedia, Civil wars involving the states and peoples of Africa, Sudanese conflict in South Kordofan and Blue Nile, Revolutionary Command Council for National Salvation (RCC), Intergovernmental Authority on Development, Southern Sudanese independence referendum, 2011, http://books.google.no/books?id=ySUK3qoP-bsC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Revolutionary+Sudan:+Hasan+Al-Turabi+and+the+Islamist+State,+1989-2000&hl=no&sa=X&ei=UNhiUcyjIIKm4ATSqIGABg&ved=0CDcQ6AEwAA, "Bureau of African Affairs, Background Note: Sudan", http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/5424.htm, http://news.sudanvisiondaily.com/details.html?rsnpid=203844, Sudan: Nearly 2 million dead as a result of the world's longest running civil war, http://web.africa.ufl.edu/asq/v7/v7i2a29.htm, "PBS Frontline: "Civil war was sparked in 1983 when the military regime tried to impose sharia law as part of its overall policy to "Islamicize" all of Sudan. He was ousted from power in 1985 and went into exile in Egypt. The US also began attempts to "isolate" Sudan and began referring to it as a rogue state. Uganda's support weakened when it shifted its attention to the conflict in the Democratic Republic of Congo.[19]. The Second Sudanese Civil War (5 June 1983-9 January 2005) was fought between the central Sudanese government and the Sudan People's Liberation Army (SPLA). Up to 2,000,000 people ha ve died as a result of the Second Sudanese Civil War. Two million people died in this conflict but the war also led to the creation of South Sudan as an independent nation in 2011. Sudan has been in a civil war for about 50 years. Among the first acts of the new government was to suspend the 1983 constitution, rescind the decree declaring Sudan's intent to become an Islamic state, and disband Nimeiry's Sudan Socialist Union. The agreement also called for the creation of South Sudan in 2011, six years after the war ended. The Second Civil War left two and a half million people dead and four million people displaced between 1983 and 2005. In a similar drought in 2000–01, the international community again responded to avert mass starvation in the Sudan. The 2005 agreement required that child soldiers be demobilized and sent home. This changed American attitudes toward the country. In September 2001, former U.S. The Sudan’s civil war, also the first in post-colonial Africa, began, with the Torit Mutiny, a few months before independence was attained on 1 January 1956. These militias were recruited locally, and with covert ties to the national government. The North Sudanese Government and the Results of the State Weakness Some groups may be associated with multiple, ostensibly opposed factions. However, in 1946, the British gave in to northern pressure to integrate the two areas. [16], It is estimated that as many as 200,000 Southern Sudanese and Nuba children and women have been taken into slavery from Southern Sudanese towns and villages during the war. The country of Sudan remained in a tense peace for eleven years until a much larger and bloodier conflict called the Second Sudanese Civil War began in 1983. The Second Sudanese Civil War was a conflict from 1983 to 2005 between the central Sudanese government and the Sudan People's Liberation Army.It was largely a continuation of the First Sudanese Civil War of 1955 to 1972. Since at least the 17th century, central governments have attempted to regulate and exploit the undeveloped southern and inland Sudan. The war and genocide in southern Sudan has been described as having racial and religious origins and roots in oppressive marginalization. The civilian death toll is one of the highest of any war since World War II. 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