Morocco rejoined the AU in 2017, more than three decades after leaving it.10 Since then, the regime has demonstrated its interest in joining the Economic Community of West African States,11 which invited Morocco to a recent summit.12 The king has personally worked to build ties with sub-Saharan countries; he has made numerous visits to various states and signed nearly 1,000 agreements for economic, political, and security deals.13. A new constitution was introduced, expanding the … Morocco's opposition youth movement is calling on followers to boycott a July 1 constitutional referendum proposed by King Mohammad VI. Some common myths debunked. Wrong. one step forwards, one step back. In fact, the regime has refined its tactics of controlling the media and its image. then publish that information, they might Is Morocco’s Monarchy still Playing Centre Stage? However, when comparing Morocco to a constitutional monarchy like Spain, the former does not fare as well (see Figures 3 and 4). For more analysis on the recent movement in the Rif, state repression, and the future of democracy in Morocco, Jacobin’s Cole Stangler spoke with Maati Monjib. Guidance for the Brookings community and the public on our response to the coronavirus (COVID-19) », Learn more from Brookings scholars about the global response to coronavirus (COVID-19) ». As mentioned earlier, Morocco is a constitutional monarchy. leavers and graduates are woefully ill equipped to occupy the high end of the Paper is patient, as a about Morocco’s supposed one-way journey towards ever-greater democracy. Note that it is unclear how Moroccan authorities defined “cell,” and how structured these broken-up cells were. Constitution of the Kingdom of Morocco 2011, art. Rebranding Morocco’s monarchy by referendum. Morocco has faced three major terrorist events during the reign of the current king: the 2003 Casablanca bombings, which resulted in 45 deaths; the 2011 Marrakech Argana bombing, which resulted in the death of 17 people, many of whom were tourists; and the 2018 murders of Louisa Vesterager Jespersen and Maren Ueland, two tourists decapitated by terrorists near Imlil. Wrong. Join us for a live discussion on 13 Thursday, May at 5pm UK time. stable country. How the rule of King Mohamed VI is maintained and legitimised by political and social networks. Morocco’s monarchy has also used Western Sahara to unite the nation, meaning that if they lose Western Sahara, the monarchy loses legitimacy. Morocco. A Moroccan political template for the Arab Gulf states? Only one thing is Morocco. Danish Trade Union Development Agency, “Labour Market Profile 2018: Morocco,” Labour Market Profile, January 2018, “Challenges remain for Morocco's agribusiness despite positive developments,”. A Constitutional referendum on July 1 cannot fix the gap between rich and poor in the “exotic” kingdom. It is one of the oldest ruling dynasties in … Although the last option may generate significant political pushback from the higher income groups, it is the most straightforward option, given the regime’s propensity to develop large-scale projects, the cuts already made to the subsidy system following the 2011 uprisings, and the economic implications of the ongoing coronavirus crisis. limited. throne in 1999: infrastructure development, rural The region was also home to the 1984 Rif riots, which were triggered by economic hardship and escalated in reaction to the regime’s immediate repression. Eventually, the high-speed rail service will extend to 1,500 kilometers throughout the country.38 The project received significant criticism domestically, with major objections concerning its cost of more than $2 billion. The feasibility studies for the high-speed rail began in 2003 and the Tangier-Kenitra route was identified the following year as one of the first that would be constructed. Authoritarian learning 89 goes both ways; as regimes modify their behavior based on what they have learned from opposition events at home and abroad, so do opposition actors. global labour market due to the dismal In 2004, the king reformed the family code to raise the minimum marriage age to 18 years and to grant women the right to self-guardianship, child custody, and divorce;61 these were significant changes, despite some caveats.62 In addition, polygamy laws were modified to require the approval of the existing wife (or wives).63 However, further reforms have yet to take place, namely relating to inheritance laws, the legalization of abortion, and the abolishment of the death penalty. grazing land; current grazing land, meanwhile, may become unsuitable for any regional identities to boot. Family Code (Moudawana) of the Kingdom of Morocco 2004, pmbl. Co-opting intellectual and media elites. Yet, the king — who remains the most powerful political actor in the country — can still deescalate this volatile situation, as the regime has not yet resorted to brutal violence. To avoid chaos, the regime should focus on: (1) bringing about concrete political opening by limiting interference in government affairs and by effectively dividing tasks between the monarchy and the government; and (2) reducing social inequality by reforming the taxation system, thereby raising funds to improve the living conditions of rural populations and to enhance education and welfare. The political deadlock in Morocco today indicates that the promises of shared power and a constitutional monarchy in the aftermath of the 2011 Arab uprisings have not be kept. roles, but no separation of powers: political, economic and religious power are all concentrated in the royal just one example, the constitution enshrines access to information as a basic “Taxes: Income Tax,” Moroccan Investment Development Agency, accessed May 21, 2020, “Full text of the speech addressed by His Majesty the King to the Nation.”, “HM the King Delivers a Speech to the Nation on Occasion of Throne Day (Full Text),”. World Bank Statistical Database, “Life expectancy at birth, total (years) - Morocco,” accessed September 25, 2019. Join the conversation: get our weekly email, We encourage anyone to comment, please consult, Moroccans are protesting, but conditions aren’t improving, Jailing of journalist exposes shortcomings of reforms in Morocco. It is therefore in the best interest of the monarchy to act preemptively, before the tipping point, by introducing genuine reforms and change. In the beginning of the king’s reign, the regime allowed some political opening and committed to increasing economic development. In terms of regional security, instability has grown in North Africa and the Sahel over the last decade, allowing Morocco to rise as a key counterterrorism player. Due to its central position in the Moroccan political system, the monarchy generates excitement in the Moroccan media and the general public at large. In addition to providing the United States and EU with intelligence on terrorist cells, Moroccan counter-terrorist forces have stopped plots before they unfurled on European soil — notably in France in 2015 and Spain in 2017.22 They also foiled attacks on U.S. and British ships in the Strait of Gibraltar in 2002.23 The regime has also allowed the United States to carry out military training in Morocco through the annual African Lion exercise.24 In return, Morocco has received support from both the EU and United States (notably through the Trans-Sahara Counterterrorism Partnership) to train its forces and target radicalization at the population level.25 Furthermore, there has been much U.S. and EU support for Morocco’s soft power approach to countering radicalization through programs that train local, African, and European imams.26 The success of such programs has strengthened Morocco’s international position. All rights reserved. reverse gear. deepened and exploited by unscrupulous political actors if the opportunity The Alaouite dynasty – also rendered in English as 'Alawi, 'Alawid, or Alawite – is the current Morocco was made a French protectorate in 1912 but regained independence in 1956. Furthermore, Morocco has faced fewer terrorist attacks than neighboring Tunisia, Algeria, Spain, Italy, and France, a fact that may be attributed to its effective cybersecurity and counterterrorism forces (see Figure 2).17   Indeed, Moroccan authorities maintain a network of close to 50,000 auxiliary agents that are placed in neighborhoods to inform on residents.18 Counter-terrorist forces are usually able to dismantle cells before terrorist activity or planning takes place. Mohamed Karim Boukhssass, “Yasmina Abouzzohour: al-Maghrib ‘abbara biwuduh ’anahu la yumkin ’an yakuna tahta wisayati ’ahadin wa la yumkin ’ibtizazuhu limawaqifihi,” [Morocco has clearly stated that it cannot be under the guardianship of anyone and cannot be blackmailed for its positions], Yasmina Abouzzohour and Beatriz Tomé-Alonso, “Moroccan foreign policy after the Arab Spring: a turn for the Islamists or persistence of royal leadership?,”. why risk democracy in Morocco if you can deal directly with a ‘reformist’ king Morocco was made a French protectorate in 1912 but regained independence in 1956. The throne is passed down to the oldest male heir of the Alaouite family according to the constitution. World Bank Statistical Database, “GDP Growth (annual %) - Morocco,” accessed September 19, 2019. Undeniable progress was made in terms of women’s rights during the first five years of Mohammed VI’s reign. Morocco is a constitutional monarchy where the King holds sweeping powers. 22 March 2013 / Opinión CIDOB, n.º 182 / E-ISSN 2014-0843. Issue . As Morocco was, and still is, a constitutional monarchy, America created a system that established itself based on federalism, distributing power equally among the original 13 states. Clive Lewis, MP for Norwich South and former leadership contender, Jeremy Gilbert, Co-author of ‘Hegemony Now: Power in the Twenty-First Century’, Maddy Kirkman, Labour candidate for Edinburgh Central, disability rights and tenants union activist, Chair, Caroline Molloy, editor, openDemocracyUK. Politics in Morocco: Executive Monarchy and Enlightened Authoritarianism by Anouar Boukhars. He is the chair of the Superior Council of the Ulema, charged with maintaining Moroccan Islam, as well as Morocco's Supreme Court. Many young Moroccans Moroccans themselves do. Following the 2011 uprisings, the regime introduced reforms that marginally limited its powers and allowed an Islamist party to lead the government for the first time in the country’s history. The … Nothing to get excited about. Business leaders seem unlikely to countenance large political risks Yet, deeply rooted socioeconomic and political challenges have fueled growing popular disillusionment with the regime and triggered numerous strikes and protests in recent years. However, when comparing Morocco to a constitutional monarchy like Spain, the former does not fare as well (see Figures 3 and 4). Rebranding Morocco’s monarchy by referendum. who fly people to Morocco to have them tortured … Who was it that took the phosphates?”86 As the song gained popularity within the country and internationally, one of the rappers, Gnawi, was sentenced to a year in jail for insulting the police on social media.87. Attempts by Europeans to establish permanent footholds in Morocco beginning in the late 15th century were largely repulsed, but the country later became the subject of Great Power politics in the 19th century. Rather, they can be attributed to the educated urban population’s reticence to accept undesired positions. Analysis of two king’s advisers and two former ministers]. Also, I have no intention of lecturing Moroccans on Most modern monarchs do not have absolute power, rather their power is severely restricted or non … De facto, Morocco is a hybrid regime, and the King (at least theoretically) retains the power to suspend the Constitution, dissolve Parliament and call for elections or rule autocratically by decree. “Morocco Participates in ECOWAS Counterterrorism Summit,”. The PJD had to enter into a coalition with other parties because it needed a majority in parliament to form a government. Judging Morocco is a constitutional monarchy with two legislative houses. On the political front, the current king’s reign has been marked by far less brutal repression than his predecessor’s. Every few years there’s an Western Sahara. The best reason why Monarchy is a strong government is, that it is an intelligible government. Thierry Oberlé, “Le Maroc a aidé la France à dépister les terroristes de Saint-Denis” [Morocco helped France track terrorists in Saint-Denis], Douglas Frantz, “U.S. Author’s calculations based on data from “Recettes des investissements directs étrangers au Maroc: Repartition par pays et organisme financier” [Receipts from foreign direct investments in Morocco: Breakdown by country and financial institution], Office des Changes, accessed June 26, 2020, Ibid; “Full Text of Royal Speech on Throne Day,”, Nizar Manek, “Morocco Rejoins African Union Three Decades After Withdrawal,”. Moroccans have never Indeed, over 20 years, the current regime has favored limited liberalization over deep change. chosen political apathy over either evolution or revolution. Indeed, Mohammed VI has championed greater presence within the African continent, a move that positions the kingdom as the West’s gateway to Africa, thereby allowing it to enhance its international standing, shore up regional support, and improve its economy. certain: peering through the teleological lens of ‘democratisation’ will not Reporting by Ahmed Eljechtimi; Editing by Lincoln Feast Our Standards: The Thomson Reuters Trust Principles. The protests will likely continue once the outbreak is under control. In discussing the seven internally. It also reaffirms Morocco’s commitment to human rights and international law. Morocco is a Muslim state and the legal system is based on Islamic law. Higher taxes should also be collected on property and wealth. Constitution of the Kingdom of Morocco 2011, art. For a long-term solution, the regime must work toward reducing illiteracy, especially among the segments of the population most affected (in this case, women and rural inhabitants). In relative terms, when comparing a non-absolute authoritarian monarchy like Morocco to an absolute monarchy like Saudi Arabia, it is clear that the former is faring better in terms of human rights and political freedoms. Samia Errazzouki, “Months without government puts Moroccan public spending at risk: lawmakers,” Reuters, March 8, 2017, Youssef Igrouane, “Saad Eddine Othmani Announces end of Deadlock, Formation of Government,”, “Texte intégral du discours adressé par SM le Roi à la Nation.”, Abdelfettah Benchenna, Driss Ksikes, and Dominique Marchetti, “The media in Morocco: a highly political economy, the case of the paper and on-line press since the early 1990s,”. electrification, greater freedom of speech, and security forces, and much of the media and non-governmental spheres. The current monarchy in Morocco is highly popular amongst the Moroccan people, and international heads of state, although much of Africa has moved away from a system of monarchy, if the current royal families in africa model themselves on Morocco, I can’t see an end to the system in Africa. World Bank Statistical Database, “Exports of goods and services (constant 2010 US$) - Morocco,” accessed January 4, 2020. It must realise democracy and security are not mutually exclusive. Stability, already tenuous, will come under further strain due to unavoidable Testing of the trains at revenue speeds began in 2017, the same year that track construction was completed. Also, the palace has prevented the emergence of any credible Salim Hmimnat, “Morocco’s Religious ‘Soft Power’ in Africa As a Strategy Supporting Morocco’s Expansion in Africa,” MIPA, June 2018. The revolution in neighboring Algeria,88 no matter its outcome, will only embolden Moroccans to express dissent. promising democracy since before independence. World Bank Statistical Database, “GDP per capita (constant 2010 US$) - Morocco,” accessed January 4, 2020. quite entertaining puppet show called the government, and a long-running comedy Morocco’s current ruling family, the Alaouite dynasty, first rose to power in 1666. This policy can be reformed to include a seventh income group that would be taxed at a higher percentage. elsewhere get paid less than fifty Other achievements include strengthening the country’s foreign policy by diversifying its alliance base and upgrading its infrastructure through large-scale projects. This can be understood as a government structure where the monarch plays the role of a non-party political head of state under the constitution, be it written or unwritten. while covering As for America and Europe, The electoral process is also more transparent than it was 20 years ago, with less evidence of rigged elections and regime interference. The Kingdom of Morocco, is located on the Northwestern coast Africa and it’s the first country to recognize the sovereignty of the United States in 1777. Monjib is a journalist, historian and longtime left-wing activist. The Moroccan monarchy is not only powerful, but also, remarkably, one of the world’s oldest ruling monarchies. Over the years, the ruler of Morocco has used different titles such as sultan, but since 1957, the designation King has been used. foreigner could criticise Morocco as incisively, savagely and funnily as But while Sudan and Algeria are authoritarian, military regimes, Morocco remains an enigmatic hybrid: a hereditary monarchy that closely supervises cautious democratisation efforts. Most Moroccan school Unlike its neighboring countries, it was never conquered by the Ottoman Empire. As the reigning ruler of the UK of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , Queen Elizabeth II is a prime example of a monarch who became the United Kingdom's monarch after being born into the royal family . Abdelillah Essatte, “Protests of Morocco’s Margins: The Credibility Gap,” MIPA, August 2018, “Morocco: Hundreds of teachers protest in demand for higher wages,”. election during which the pack gets reshuffled and a few new jokers are turned will be further strained by the growing number of unemployable young people The regime should focus on upgrading and adding to roads in rural areas, as well as building schools and health clinics in remote villages. There is a separation of “Le youtubeur « Moul Hanout » écope de trois ans de prison ferme” [YouTuber “Moul Hanout” receives a three-year prison sentence]. Although the country is rapidly modernizing and enjoys a rising standard of living, it retains much of its ancient architecture and even more of its traditional customs. mass unemployability and the effects of climate change. Enlists Morocco’s Help To Counter Terrorist Plots,”. the palace has embraced democratic reform. Since Mohammed VI’s ascension to the throne, the country’s per capita income (constant dollars over time) has increased from $1,963 in 1999 to $3,361 in 2018,40 and exports have tripled.41 At the social level, the primary school enrollment rate increased by over 27 points between 1999 and 2018,42 the poverty headcount ratio at the national poverty line decreased from 15.3 percent in 2000 to 4.8 percent in 2013,43 life expectancy increased by over eight years between 1999 and 2018, 44 and unemployment decreased from 13.9 percent in 1999 to 9 percent in 2019.45 The economy was boosted by a strong revival of the tourism sector — indeed, the number of tourists visiting the kingdom has tripled over the past 20 years46— and it has greatly benefited from the growth of specific industries (such as automotive and aerospace).47, However, according to the World Bank, nearly a quarter of Moroccans are poor or at risk of poverty,48 and the gap between the highest and lowest socioeconomic classes is wide, pointing to great inequality. Today it is the only monarchy in North Africa. Morocco is a country in North Africa with a recorded history that spans parts of almost three millennia. Under Mohammed VI, there has been a conscious effort to reduce this influence, and Moroccan decision-makers have striven to diversify the country’s support base by strengthening ties with GCC countries and developing new relationships with non-traditional partners, such as China and Russia.9 Most striking has been the kingdom’s re-direction toward sub-Saharan Africa. Under Mohammed VI, Morocco has undergone important political and economic reforms while facing considerable challenges. World Bank Statistical Database, “Poverty headcount ratio at national poverty lines (% of population) - Morocco,” accessed September 25, 2019. their rage against a system that first neglected them and then left them to rot This travel guide includes information on Morocco's history and culture. Morocco has fared better than most Arab countries in recent years. There are fields in which the monarchy has been extraordinarily successful and which it should continue to oversee — most notably foreign policy, international business initiatives, and the development of business-oriented infrastructure. The Sultan's Wife by Jane Johnson. World Bank Statistical Database, “Unemployment, youth total (% of total labor force ages 15-24) (modeled ILO estimate) - Morocco,” accessed September 25, 2019, The International Labour Office and International Fund for Agricultural Development, “Morocco: Young women’s employment and empowerment in the rural economy,” Country Brief. erupted all across the country during the Arab Spring ended in full-blown riots United Nations Data, “Arrivals of non resident tourists/visitors, departures and tourism expenditure in the country and in other countries,” accessed May 4, 2020, Safaa Kasraoui, “Morocco’s Aeronautics Industry: 10 Years of Growth,”. If you have any queries about republishing please contact us. majority would choose in the unlikely event that people were ever consulted on Craig R. Whitney, “Popular New King Has a Goal: A Modern Morocco,”. Some caveats up front: I In 2011, when protesters To address the urban-rural divide in the short term, more funds should be allocated to rural areas that lack infrastructure and electricity, and which have not benefited from the same massive improvements as urban areas. sum up: despite significant reforms on many fronts, Morocco is not moving have no intention of criticising Morocco, its rulers or its people. No https://www.cairn-int.info/article-E_RFSP_625_867--.htm. In its first phase, Al Boraq currently spans close to 350 kilometers, connecting Casablanca and Tangiers and reducing the travel time between them from five hours to two hours. According Poverty rates among the rural population were twice as high as at the national level in 2018; in fact, the rural population accounted for 79.4 percent of poor people in the country.51 In 2014, close to 1.2 million rural inhabitants lived under the poverty line, compared to 225,000 urban inhabitants, while 19.4 percent of the rural population was considered vulnerable compared to 7.9 percent of the urban population, according to official sources.52 These numbers show a wide center-periphery wealth divide and indicate the state’s failure to close the gap. The situation in Morocco differs markedly from the uprisings in Tunisia and Egypt, as the bulk of the population appears to be more interested in maintaining the monarchy as the state's primary unifying force than in demanding full regime change. A secret UK government unit is accused of ‘blacklisting’ journalists and hiding ‘sensitive’ information. Major obstacles to childhood education include poverty and distance. called parliament, with a medley of fractious political parties generating an Around 150 protesters were arrested, and movement organizers were given long prison terms.71 Following the Rif protests, demonstrations triggered by economic hardship in Errachidia and Jrada were also repressed.72 In 2019, police forces used water cannons and batons to disperse smaller-scale demonstrations organized by specific groups (teachers, students, etc.).73. The structures and institutions that facilitate political opening exist in Morocco, but the transition remains restricted from the top. arises. The government of Morocco is carried out as a parliamentary constitutional monarchy. constitutional monarchy. As Morocco was, and still is, a constitutional monarchy, America created a system that established itself based on federalism, distributing power equally among the original 13 states. right of all citizens. The … been allowed to choose between these options, and nobody knows what the Yes. The latest draft of the accompanying organic law adds a Publication date: 03/2013 Author: Francis Ghilès, Senior Research Fellow, CIDOB Download. Francis Ghilès, Senior Research Fellow, CIDOB . Through history, the current dynasty, “Alawiyin,” has worked on creating and shaping social representation that can strengthen its political … Executive power is exercised by the government. Yasmina Abouzzohour, “The Persistent Rural Failure of Morocco’s Justice and Development Party,” POMEPS, POMEPS Studies 27, September 2017, 12. Morocco is a Parliamentary Semi-Constitutional Monarchy. Although the RNI-led initiative that resulted in a deadlock in forming the new government in 2016 and the subsequent ousting of Benkirane did not violate the text of any constitutional articles,91 these actions did not respect the spirit of the constitution. 175). In comparison with the majority of Middle East and North African countries, Moroccan political life is a bed of roses. The mass of mankind understand it, and they hardly anywhere in the world understand any other. Youth unemployment also remains a pressing problem in Morocco, where around 16.6 percent of the population is made up of young people (ages 15 to 24).57 In 2019, the country had a youth unemployment rate of 22 percent nationally and 40.3 percent in urban areas.58 Lower unemployment rates in rural areas (in 2018, 178,000 people in rural areas versus 990,000 people in urban areas were unemployed)59 do not indicate better economic conditions. create millions of jobs, which is impossible in the short term. This was interrupted – in the 1970s in particular – by various failed military coup d'états against the monarchy. Throughout the years, Morocco has come under fire for jailing people who voice support for Sahrawi independence. generation to bear fruit. within the system; most don’t actively demonstrate against the system. police repression—democratisation was put into German constitution. Euros a month. Picture the following less torture in jails. is a two-way street, and right now the country is moving backwards. According to the authorities, they foiled 352 attacks and dismantled over 170 cells between 2002 and 2017; 19 many of these were reportedly linked to ISIS.20 Morocco’s control of terrorist activity within its own borders and in other countries has made the regime an indispensable ally to the EU and United States, thereby balancing out its dependence on their financial support. Furthermore, the economy relies on oil imports and unstable agricultural and tourism sectors. It maintains Morocco’s character as a constitutional monarchy, placing the executive power in the hands of the Monarch, the Prime Minister, and the Cabinet, while the legislative authority is held by the bicameral legislature. by media stories and think tank reports, many foreign commentators seem Is Morocco an absolute monarchy? Steven Heydemann and Reinoud Leenders, “Authoritarian Learning and Authoritarian Resilience: Regime Responses to the ‘Arab Awakening,’”. The country’s income taxation policy is currently progressive to 38 percent for six different income groups.92 People in the highest income group (the sixth one) earn over 180,000 dirhams per month, or close to $18,500. Overall, Morocco’s lower middle class continues to face significant economic hardship. A good start would be for the regime to strengthen the legislative branch and grant the prime minister greater powers, thereby paving the way for more individual freedoms. 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