Indonesia (especially Bali) is mentioned in such ancient Indian texts as the Ramayana, Brahmanda Purana, Vayu Purana, and Jataka tales in the (Buddhist) Pali Canon. Indonesia . As Maha Resi Vyasa was considered to be the major organizer of the Weda scriptures, he was emphasized as the major prophetic figure. 2006. the fourth most populous country on earth. Pye, Michael, et al. However, the textbooks avoid some more controversial issues. The DDII has built mosques, distributed Qur’ans and other Islamic literature, given textbooks to religious schools, and trained religious leaders. Berlin/New York: Walter de Gruyter. It also addresses the processes of adaptation and innovation, especially in the modern world. Hinduism lost its status as the dominant religion during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries when the Majapahit Empire was conquered by Muslim armies. All Hindu rituals require holy water- but this must be blessed by priests, and cannot be taken in large quantities on airplanes because of TSA requirements. Manage cookies/Do not sell my data we use in the preference centre. Indonesia currently has the fifth largest Hindu population in the world.Footnote 14. The Indonesian constitution grants religious freedom although the government only officially recognizes Islam, Protestantism, Roman Catholicism, Buddhism, Hinduism, and Confucianism. Book  The multiple names of the god Siva are recited, and then the person admits sorrow over sin. OM, Forgive my sinful deeds, forgive my wrong speech, forgive my sinful mind, forgive me for all those misdeeds. The island of Bali has the most Hindu practitioners, followed by Sumatra, Java, Lombok and Kalimantan islands. The term pancasila may also be used for the five Buddhist precepts. International Journal of Dharma Studies Footnote 14 Religious change and experimentation in Indonesian Hinduism. Bahasa Indonesia, a form of Malay, is the official language and is used mostly in education, media, commerce, and administration. This is a new form of Hinduism developed by scholars, psychologists and priests. Indonesia is a land of compromise, in religion and also in politics. 23 The Buddhayana group describes itself as non-sectarian and incorporating the other forms of Buddhism. As one national Buddhist representative phrased it, the goal for practitioners of Buddhism in Indonesia is to be role models for peace and helping the world, so that people will say a good person is “like a Buddhist.”Footnote 21. Howe, Leo. We shall focus on the major locale for modernization, the religion curriculum used in public education. London: Routledge Curzon, IIAS. Wikimedia list article Main category: Religious demographics Size of Major Religious Groups, 2020 Religion Percent Christianity 31.11% Islam 24.90% Unaffiliated 15.58% Hinduism 15.16% Buddhism 6.62% Folk Religions 5.61% Other Religions 0.79% This is a list of religious populations by number of adherents and countries. The population density of Indonesia is currently at 140.08 individuals per square kilometer. Members of all monotheistic world religions can be viewed as equals, who can live in peace with each other. In the first grade, students learn about the One God, prayer techniques, and obedience to religious authorities. The growing population is a concern for Indonesia’s economy, threatening to slow its growth and development. As a Balinese Buddhist priest stated in interview: Paramabuddha is in the center of all mandalas. See Kamal et al. In terms of theological innovation, we have the introduction of the god Sanghyang Widhi Wasa, who has sometimes been described as a form of Brahman, detached and nirguna, He is thus without form, and not in need of temples or statues. In 1950, the population of Bali was 61,068. Chimes sound in the background as the trisandhya stanzas are chanted. (Efimova 1996). Ethical behavior was based on several dharmasastras found in Indonesia, primarily the Nitisastra. Non-Hindus who go through this process get a decree with signatures from the local government, and they are then considered to be Hindu. There are more than 700 languages spoken in Indonesia. The holiday of Nyepi is held in celebration of Saka New Year, a day to ask Sang Hyang Widhi Wasa to maintain harmony between human beings and the universe. During Nyepi, Indonesian Hindus ritually abstain from four acts: amati geni (abstinence from lighting fires), amati karya (abstinence from working), amati lelanguan (abstinence from pleasure) and amati lelungan (abstinence from traveling). Nurcholish Madjid’s 1972 dictum: “Islam yes, Islamic party no” was a part of the platform of the reform movement, and was influential in discouraging the development of an Islamic state in Indonesia. This one-day ritual was developed in the 1960’s, primarily for tourists who came to Bali and wanted to marry Hindus (in Indonesia, both marriage partners must be members of the same religion).Footnote 18 It is called purification rather than conversion, and has been officially recognized by the Parisada (HPDI), the national Hindu organization of Indonesia. Thus rituals must be abbreviated, and substitutions made. They also add the dominant categories of discourse found in Islam and Christianity: monotheism, revelation, ethics, and moral obligation. This image is also starting to appear on altar cloths and other ritual items.Footnote 19 Because he is a formless god, it is difficult to find paintings or statues of him. Bhakti, Brisbania Ayu Saraswati. Delhi: Sundeep Prakashan. It motivated the creation of later Islamist splinter organizations, such as the Commando Jihad group. volume 5, Article number: 20 (2017) Indonesia defines itself as a religious state while avoiding labels of theocracy, with its perceived danger of extremism, and of secular state, with its perceived danger of Communism.Footnote 8, The basis of Indonesian national unity was monotheism (Tuhan Yang Maha Esa- belief in One Supreme God). Some Buddhist groups accept the notion of a single celestial Buddha, while others evade the issue and focus on ethics. A variety of types of Hinduism are incorporated into Agama Hindu Dharma in Indonesia. The deeper goal of the ritual is to destroy desires and passions, and transform them into benevolence. The birth rate was healthy compared to the death rate too and based on a 2012 estimate, it’s believed that there are 17.76 births per 1,000 people compared to just 6.28 deaths. The Indonesian Buddhist doctrine includes the existence of God, the Triple Jewel, dependent origination, karma, rebirth, nirvana (as ultimate happiness and being with god), and the existence of the bodhisattva. OM, I am full of sorrow, my action is full of sins, my soul is so destitute, and my birth is also so poor. A form of Indonesian Buddhism called Buddhayana was somewhat able to incorporate the other forms of Buddhism under an umbrella of belief in a Buddhist deity. There was earlier tension over accepting Chinese religion, as Chinese Communists were implicated in the coup of 1965. Another problem which concerns Hindu high priests is the commercialization and professionalization of the banten ritual. UN World Population Prospects (2019 Revision). This avoided sectarian conflict between Hindu groups in Indonesia. Indonesia is made up of more than 17,000 islands with over 1.9 million square miles of land,. Indonesia is a sovereign archipelago in Southeast Asia and the fourth most populous country on earth after China, India, and the United States. 4 million Hindus reside in Indonesia, which also has the highest Muslim population in the world.The Indonesian island of Bali is particularly dedicated to Hinduism with lots of temples, sculptures depicting science from the Hindus' famous myths, and deep rooted Hindu traditions across the majority of the island's native population. Indigenous beliefs are considered to be cultural traditions, but not religions. 2006. There are classes in Sound Yoga, Kundalini yoga, and Vinyasa, and Rajneesh and Satya Sai Baba groups, none of which are native to Bali, as well as Nichiren and Zen groups. In terms of accessibility to clean water and sanitation facilities, approximately 87.4% have improved access to clean drinking water while 12.6% still struggle. We may note that experimentation is also seen in Indonesian Buddhism, in its modern attempt to create a Buddhist monotheism. In order to reformulate Hinduism to fit government criteria, Hindu Balinese intellectuals met together in a council (parisada, or society) which they called the Parisada Hindu Dharma Bali. Balinese religion in search of recognition: from Agama Hindu Bali to Agama Hindu (1945–1965). From the Saiva tradition, we have the three forms of Siva as Paramasiwa and Sadasiwa, and Siwa-atma (who appears within the person). statement and As that empire disintegrated, many of its priests, artists, musicians and leaders moved to Bali, and Islam became the state religion of Indonesia. Jakarta Post. The story of the Pandava heroes was rock entertainment. Sacred texts include the Vedas and its commentarial literature, in both Sanskrit and its related Kawi language of Old Javanese. Baliem Valley Festival. Fifty-six per cent live on the island of Java, the world's most populous island. The state ideology Pancasila as a manifestation of religious revivalism in contemporary Indonesia. One recent new government ritual is the Hindu call to prayer, at 6 AM, noon, and 6 PM. On Bali television, there are images of nature- birds, monkeys, rice fields, waterfalls, and the ocean (similar to the backgrounds used for the Indonesian televised Muslim calls to prayer, and both have images of people dressed in white praying). The pengrupukan ritual is usually followed by the parade of the Ogoh-ogoh. Buddhists have had a harder time with the required monotheism, partly because most forms of Buddhism are non-theistic, and partly because there are dozens of Buddhist factions in Indonesia that disagree with each other. 1991. They have been active in setting up mosques and student centers. The major puppet is the image of Bhuta Kala, who is thus expelled from the environment. There is much concern that their lack of religious tolerance will affect attitudes towards the other religions in Indonesia. Privacy Religious education is understood to be an obligation of the state, and it is understood to give students faith, and an appreciation for religious truths (called rasa agama). See http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2015/05/20/indigenous-faiths-allowed-id-card.html. According to Vaishya theory, Hinduism came with traders and merchants from India, whose voyages often included intermarriage with Indonesians. According to the 2010 official population data, Indonesia has 11 cities with a population over 1 million, although estimates from 2014 show that there are now 14 cities that have populations that exceed 1 million. It also focuses on the major locale for modernization, the religion curriculum used in public education. Hindus can use the holy water created by Buddhist priests, and vice versa. 2005. Its founder, Bhikku Ashin Jinarakkhita, proposed in 1954 that there was a single supreme deity, Sang Hyang Adi Buddha, basing his argument on ancient Javanese texts, and on the shape of the Buddhist temple complex at Borobudur. This is important because of the large amounts of Salafi literature and advertising coming into Indonesia, especially from Saudi Arabia. On this topic, see the work of Picard, Michel (2011) and Ramsted (2004). These included the mahavakyas of Sankara, statements from the Vedas and Upanishads made famous as the basis of the Advaita Vedanta school in India. Catholic and Protestant forms of Christianity are considered as different religions, due to historical debates. Again, religious conversion is a ritual understandable to both Islam and Christianity. The trisandhya prayers begin with the Gayatri mantra, which is described as stating the unity of Sanghyang Widhi Wasa. Sirry, Munim. Phalgunadi, I. Gusti Putu. There are six official religions recognized by the government — Islam, Protestantism, Catholicism, Hinduism, Buddhism and Confucianism. The puppets are used for a variety of purposes, to get messages out by the government and NGO’s, for teaching family planning and disaster preparedness, and for entertainment. These population estimates and projections come from the latest revision of the UN World Urbanization Prospects. Ogoh-ogoh figures normally have the form of mythological beings, ranging from demons (bhuta kala and raksasa) to figures drawn from popular culture or from contemporary Indonesian society (such as politicians and cartoon villains). Bali: island of grace. In these texts, Bali is usually called Suvarnadvipa (“golden island”) or Suvarnabhumi (“golden land”).Footnote 5 In the sixth-century encyclopedia, Brihatsamhita, and the eleventh-century collection of stories, Kathasaritsagara, Bali is called Narikeladvipa, “the island of coconuts.” (Phalgunadi 1991). Indonesia’s yearly growth change is about 1.07% for 2020. Explore photos, statistics and additional rankings of Indonesia. The author declares that he/she has no competing interests. In addition to this diverse population, Indonesia is also the world's most populous Muslim-majority country, as just over 87% of Indonesians declared Muslim on the 2010 census. Interview, Dr. Luthfie Assyaukanie, Jaringan Islam Liberal (Liberal Islam Network), 2012. But lately he has also been described as a god concerned with moral behavior, closer to Muslim and Christian ideas of god. In contrast, the Bhumiputra (“native son” or nationalist) theory holds that Indonesians visited India, liked the culture, and brought back religious ideas. The earthly figure of Gautama Buddha was considered to be the prophet of the god Sanghyang Adi Buddha, and the universal ethic of Buddhism was based on the four noble truths. 1987. The textbooks include many aspects of Indian Hinduism, including both sruti and smriti. PubMed Google Scholar. Indonesia is officially a republic with a compromise made between the ideas of a secular state and an Islamic state. Charle, Suzanne. Education is important throughout life, and even Hindu pregnancy rituals have been justified as “prenatal education.” (Bakker 1993) Religion is a compulsory topic taught in the schools, with a strong emphasis on ethics and obedience to authority, and children must attend school for at least 6 years. 37 overall in the U.S. News Best Countries ranking. http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2015/05/20/indigenous-faiths-allowed-id-card.html, https://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2010/148869.htm, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism_by_country, http://www.dailystar.com.lb/Opinion/Commentary/2005/Jun-06/97245-indonesian-muslims-can-pave-the-way-toward-a-moderate-islam.ashx, http://www.mideasti.org/content/map/saudi-religious-influence-indonesia, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, https://doi.org/10.1186/s40613-017-0056-x, Experimental Dharmas in Asia and the Diaspora. As stanza 4 says, “OM, I am full of sorrow, my action is full of sin, my soul and my birth are poor. 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